Hi Patrick,
Most all of your questions can be answered at: http://www.cfainstitute.org/programs/cfaprogram/Pages/index.aspx
As for opportunities that it offers...in general, having a CFA charter makes you a more competitive job candidate for work that involves a deep understanding of finance. What is more, the value proposition is very good when compared with a Master degree awarded by a university.
Best wishes of success to you!
Jason