Investigating the benefit of corporate environmental responsibility (CER) investing within the financial services sector, the authors find that direct and indirect environmental costs have a negative relationship with return on assets, which implies that CER investing improves firm performance. The result is seen globally but is more evident in more-developed markets.
What’s Inside?
The authors empirically test three hypotheses with regard to financial services firms: (1)
Corporate environmental responsibility (CER) investment improves a firm’s reputation
and thereby improves financial performance, (2) CER investing is a trade-off and a negative
synergy, and (3) CER investing is a positive synergy that leads to further CER investment.
Only the first hypothesis is accepted as true based on empirical evidence.
The authors consider their findings to be consistent with the claims of stakeholder theory
rather than the claims of shareholder wealth maximization theory. The evidence is greater in
more-developed markets but still exists in less-developed markets. Generally, the benefit of
CER investing takes one to two years to emerge. The authors posit that CER investment
internally (reducing the firm’s negative environmental impact) or externally
(providing capital for CER-type projects) creates a positive reputation that leads to lower
borrowing costs and better firm performance.
How Is This Research Useful to Practitioners?
Practitioners, whether they support stakeholder theory or not, will benefit by
understanding how empirical evidence is produced to test stakeholder theory. Although the
authors conclude that stakeholder theory is supported through the use of CER investment by
financial firms, they also reveal that their variables are not sufficiently granular to
determine whether CER investments are internal or external. Furthermore, there is no control
variable to enable them to consider the effect of the firms’ regulatory
environment.
Consequently, it could be argued that the hypothesis has not been directly tested and that
the analysis is missing a potentially important control variable. Further research may
correct such issues and still find support for stakeholder theory. In that case, firms with
significant CER investment would become desirable investments.
The empirical research in this area is in the early stages, but it will be worth following
as it progresses.
How Did the Authors Conduct This Research?
The authors use annual data (2002–2011) from financial services firms in 29
countries/territories (4,924 observations in total). Data that measure the direct and
indirect annual environmental costs of a given firm are supplied by Trucost Plc. Other data,
aside from annual return volatility based on monthly data, are primarily from financial
statements.
Firm performance is measured by return on assets. As a robustness check, earnings before
interest and taxes normalized by total assets is also used. The regression analysis includes
environmental costs lagged by one year and two years and a number of control variables as
independent variables. Different regression techniques are used to control for endogeneity
and autocorrelation. The main result is a statistically significant negative relationship
between firm performance and lagged environmental costs. The authors deduce that when
environmental costs are reduced through CER investment, firm performance improves.
Abstractor’s Viewpoint
I think the authors overstate the implications of their results because there is no
variable to directly measure CER investment by the firm. Also, CER investment might improve
firm performance because of the regulatory consequence of not making such investments. No
regulatory control variable was implemented in the regression analysis to determine whether
this is the case. Further research and more granular data may address these issues in the
future.
Another reason I am skeptical of the results is that a ratio with total assets in the
denominator is used as a dependent variable in the regression and the natural logarithm of
total assets is used as a control variable and in the denominator of the other control
variables. Although the authors have attempted to control for endogeneity of variables in
their analysis, the regression results may be compromised, given the structural links
between the dependent and independent regression variables. Additionally, I am curious as to
why a contemporaneous environmental cost variable is not used within the regression
analysis. Perhaps a first difference between the contemporaneous variable and a lagged
variable could provide an indirect measure of CER investment by the firm.
Despite my skepticism of the results, I am intrigued by the idea of testing the financial
and nonfinancial benefits to the firm of CER investment and hope to see further research in
the area.